Dionysus and his companions: a triumphant procession
TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION OF BACCHUS
Maerten van Heemskerck (1462-1522)
1537-1538
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
Pursued by his wife, Zeus takes Dionysus far from Greece, to the land of Nisa. He leaves him to be raised by nymphs. As an adult, Dionysus discovers vines, but is found and driven mad by Hera. He wanders through Egypt, Syria and Asia before reaching Phrygia, where the goddess Cymbeline welcomes, teaches and heals him. Upon Dionysus’s arrival in Thrace, the reigning king Lycurgus tries to take him prisoner.
Dionysus is protected by Thetis (a Nereid, or sea nymph) who offers to shelter him in the sea. Lycurgus, meanwhile, captures the Bacchantes in Dionysus’ entourage; they too manage to escape and the king is stricken with madness. Delusional, he cuts off his own leg and attacks his son with an axe, believing him to be Dionysus’s sacred vine. When Lycurgus comes to his senses, he realises what he has done; his land has also become infertile. An Oracle reveals that only his own death will calm the god’s wrath against him. He is attached to four horses and torn apart when they are sent galloping in different directions. Dionysus then leaves Thrace in order to go to India. He claims the territory after a magical armed conquest. This episode is at the origin of the triumphant procession, the god’s chariot pulled by panthers and decorated with vine branches and holly, which is accompanied by Silenus and other satyrs, centaurs and Maenads.
“And thou dost guide thy lynxes, double-yoked, with showy harness.—Satyrs follow thee; and Bacchanals, and old Silenus, drunk, unsteady on his staff; jolting so rough on his small back-bent ass; and all the way resounds a youthful clamor; and the screams of women! and the noise of tambourines! And the hollow cymbals! and the boxwood flutes…” (Ovid, Metamorphoses, IV, 24-30).
THE TRIUMPH OF BACCHUS Benvenuto Tisi (Il Garofalo), ca. 1540 - Gemäldegalerie, Dresden, Germany / 1
THE TRIUMPH OF BACCHUS Nicolaes Moeyaert, 1624 - Mauritshuis, The Hague, The Netherlands / 2
THE TRIUMPH OF BACCHUS Nicolas Poussin 1635/36 - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO, United States / 3
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1. The biographical collection Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550 and 1568), by painter Giorgio Vaseri, was Europe’s first general history book on modern (non-antique) art. It is often considered one of the founding publications of art history, albeit partisan “in seeking to establish the primacy of Tuscan art” (Daniel Arasse, L'Homme en perspective - Les primitifs d'Italie, Paris, Hazan, 2008). Did Vaseri deliberately omit the merits of Garofolo? “Benvenuto was so successful in Ferrara that he painted countless works for the inhabitants of the city, for its monasteries, and for the castles and villas of the region… [In 1531, aged fifty,] he fell gravely ill and lost the sight in his right eye: he was about to lose the other when he prayed to God and swore to wear nothing but grey from then on. His prayer was realised, and his eye remained in such good condition that at sixty-five years old he was still producing beautifully-finished paintings. One day, the Duke of Ferrera showed Pope Paul III Triumph of Bacchus and Calumny of Apelles, which Benvenuto had painted in oils after Raphael’s drawings: His Holiness could hardly believe that an old, one-eyed man could have created these beautiful, huge pieces.” (vol. 8).
In this large-scale painting (218 x 313cm), Garofalo celebrates wine, music and love. Bacchus on his chariot, wife Ariadne by his side, attentively watches a Silenus too drunk to stand. The latter is being offered a cup of water – an invitation to temper his habits by diluting his wine with water, as ancient Greeks and Romans often did (Source: Philippe Morel, Renaissance dionysiaque, Edition du Félin, 2014).
2. Bacchus sits naked atop a large barrel of wine that is being pulled along by two snarling panthers. It is a joyful and rowdy procession – Bacchus’s entourage are knocking back the wine. Although it isn’t agreeing with everyone: on the right a satyr can be seen vomiting. Standing behind him is a knight in armour and an old, gout-ridden man. With this, the painter is warning of the ill effects of drink: war and sickness lie in wait (Source: Mauritshuis).
3. Bacchus leads this entourage of mythological characters in a triumphal return from victories in India. A river god, symbolizing the river Indus and the Indian subcontinent, lounges in the lower right foreground (Source: Nelson Museum). Une ménade à cheval est vêtue d'une peau de léopard, témoignage également de l'origine orientale du voyage. Silène brandit un cep de vigne. Si Bacchus tient un thyrse, un de ses attibuts traditionnels, il est en revanche vêtu d'un manteau rouge caractéristique des généraux et des empereurs romains portés en triomphe (Source : Philippe Morel, Renaissance dionysiaque, Editions du Félin, 2014).
SILENUS: SATYR, ADOPTIVE FATHER AND GUARDIAN OF DIONYSUS
THE MISFORTUNES OF SILENUS Piero di Cosimo ca. 1500 - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States / 1
DRUNKEN SILENUS Jusepe di Ribera, 1626 - Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / 2
THE DRUNKEN SILENUS Pierre Paul Rubens, 1616-1617 - Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany
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While Silenus never leaves Dionysus’ side (he is his adoptive father and guardian), he remains the personification of Drunkenness, not dissimilar in this sense from two other minor gods in Dionysus’ entourage, borne of Hybris (“Excess”) at the order of Hera: Comos (emblematic of “good cheer”) and Coros (“Satiety”). From the Renaissance onwards, Silenus often appears in art. He is traditionally portrayed as a fat old man, both ugly and lubricious, his drunkenness making him grotesque. Silenus is also “a generic term for old satyrs” (Pierre Grimal, Dictionnaire de la mythologie grecque et romaine).
1. In the centre, Silenus attempts to gather honey from a hollow tree without descending from his mount, a donkey. He is then attacked by bees. To the right, he is slowly put back on his feet.
2. Silenus, a satyr resembling an obese human, lies on the ground, his back slightly raised. His head is supported by the hands of his father, the god Pan.
SATYRS
NYMPH AND SATYR Christiaen van Couwenbergh, 1626-1628 - Private collection / 1
TWO SATYRS Pieter Pauwel Rubens, 1618-1619 - Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany
SATYR DRINKING FROM GRAPES David de Haen, beginning of the 17th century - Private collection
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Satyrs are ambivalent creatures – half-man, half-goat – who live in the wild. Along with with the Maenads, they form Dionysus’ cortege, accompanying the god. They can also be associated with the god Pan. Satyrs mix freely with nymphs, minor divinities characterized by their youth and beauty, native to many places: forests and woods, fertile valleys, springs and rivers, mountains and caves, etc. As with Dionysus’ cortege, the nymphs often take part in divine processions.
MAENADS: ANTIQUE BACCHANTES
THE DANCE OF THE BACCHANTES Charles-Gabriel Gleyre 1849 - Musée Cantonal des Beaux-arts, Lausanne, Switzerland
PENTHEUS, HUNTED BY THE MAENADS Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, 1864 - Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland
DEATH OF ORPHEUS (LA MORT D’ORPHÉE) Émile Lévy, 1866 - Musée d’Orsay, Paris
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The Maenads are the followers of Dionysus and accompany him on his travels, notably his voyage to India. They are not priestesses but play an important role in religion and worship. They participate in the mysteries and festivals held in honour of the god. Bare-chested, they wear lion skins and carry thyrsus staffs (ivy-wrapped spears). Personifying the orgiastic spirits of nature, they dance frenetically, plunging themselves into mystic ecstasy. Certain heroes were to fall victim to their prodigious strength. The Bacchantes (the Roman name for the Maenads) were said to behave like ferocious beasts.
CENTAURS
THE FIGHT BETWEEN THE LAPITHS AND THE CENTAURS Piero di Cosimo, prob. 1500-1515 - The National Gallery, London / 1
THE BATTLE OF CENTAURS AND LAPITHS AT HIPPODOMIA'S WEDDING Karel Dujardin, 1667 - Schloss Sanssouci, Potsdam, Germany / 2
BATTLE BETWEEN THE LAPITHS AND THE CENTAURS Lucas Giordano Late 1680s - The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia / 3
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Centaurs are sometimes presented as half-man, half-horse. Symbolizing animal appetites (for the Greeks, sensuality and drunkenness), they too make up part of Dionysus’ cortege. Their fight against the Lapiths can also be read as a parable of the struggle between nature and civilisation.
1 à 3. Pirithous married Hippodamia and invited the gods of Mount Olympus to the wedding. As the palace was not big enough for all the guests, his cousins the centaurs, as well as Nestor, Caeneus and other Thessalonian princes were housed in a nearby cavern, which was cool and dark. But the centaurs were unused to wine and, smelling it, they pushed away the curds that had been served to them and galloped to fill their silver horns with wine…
In their ignorance, they drank the wine undiluted and became so drunk that, when the bride arrived with her followers to greet them, Eurytion leapt from his seat, knocking over the table and, grabbing Hippodamia by her hair and dragging her away. The other centaurs followed his example, throwing themselves on the young men and women and trying to rape them. Pirithous and Theseus rushed to save Hippodamia, cutting off Eurytion’s nose and ears and, with the help of the Lapiths, throwing him out of the cavern. The ensuing battle, during which the Lapith Caeneus was killed, lasted until nightfall. Thus began the long war between the centaurs and their Lapith neighbours, both sides wishing to avenge the affronts of that day.
LOOKS CAN BE DECEIVING
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BACCHANTE, André Lhote, 1912 - Fine Arts Museum, Bordeaux
The mythological figure of the Bacchante experienced a resurgence in the art of the 19th and early 20th century. At first, it was the characters of Bacchus’ procession (the thiasus) who caught the artists’ attention. The Bacchant (or Maenad), priestess of Bacchus (or Dionysus) had some specific attributes: an animal skin, usually panther; a cup of wine, a crown of ivy or vine branches, and a thyrsus. The 19th-century bacchante, at the service of the god of wine, is a creature of the flesh. She follows her desires and demonstrates a wild sensuality – thereby offering artists the possibility of depicting an ecstatic, equivocal or even licentious nudity. Painters and sculptors began to use the myth more and more as a pretext for showing the eroticism of rearing, arching bodies. The bacchante loses her mythological attributes to become a nude woman, free from all constraints. The notion of drunkenness and sensuality remains. (Source: La Tribune de l’art).
André Lhote’s Bacchante is a fleshy, naked women with generous curves. In a lascivious pose, showing her state of abandon, she eats grapes in praise of Bacchus in a bucolic setting. She is celebrating life’s pleasures. Rodin took a similar approach with his erotic drawings of nude models, which he exhibited without embarrassment; he only gave them the title Bacchante some time later. This was probably the case for Lhote too. This title allowed the artists to ward of attacks from various leagues of virtue, which were numerous at the time. The title therefore leads to confusion: this modern bacchante is far removed from the bacchante of Antiquity, even if her grapes do indicate the presence of wine.
GALLERIES NECTAR OF THE GODS
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